Monahan points out that the total fraction of the whitecap includes two stages, A and B. Zhao indicates that sea spray resulting from wave breaking can be distinguished as a film, a jet, or spume droplets. A range of about 30вЂ“50% of wave energy is required to generate a bubble cloud which can overcome buoyancy and invade the water body. As elucidated in literature, whitecaps correlate strongly with the energy dissipated through wave breaking. Whitecaps are the manifestation of the breaking wave on the surface. In the study of wave breaking characteristics, the whitecap is one of the most important phenomena for wave breaking. He and Song examine the onset and the strength of unforced wave breaking in a numerical wave tank, and they suggest that the application of energy growth rate can yield better results than using the initial wave steepness for estimating the fractional energy losses.

use a vertical distribution model of turbulent kinetic energy based on an exponential distribution method, and they demonstrate that the energy dissipation rate of breaking waves relies on wind speed and the sea state. However, previous studies still have not been able to establish a comprehensive understanding of wave breaking in deep ocean.

Wave breaking can be a good visual indicator of waveвЂ“current interactions, where the upper-ocean currents and mixing are partially driven by the wave breaking. Breaking wave processes are of importance to the airвЂ“sea interaction, coastal circulation, ocean remote sensing and offshore engineering.

Remoter whitecap